Keywords: Structural concrete

This study is the first to systematically investigate how loading sequence and cracking history affect the bond performance of deformed bars under the combined deterioration caused by steel corrosion and freeze–thaw action, a serious problem in concrete structures in cold regions. Through controlled experiments simulating realistic deterioration paths, the study clarified the influence of damage sequence on structural performance. In particular, it demonstrated that pre-existing cracks significantly accelerate deterioration by promoting moisture ingress and freeze–thaw damage. These findings highlight that considering damage history is essential for reliable durability assessment and long-term maintenance planning of aging reinforced concrete infrastructure.